Experiences with Constructed Wetland Systems in Korea     

Kim Youngchul Hwang Gilson Lee Jin-Woo Park Je-Chul Kim Dong-Sup Kang Min-Gi Chang In-Soung 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2006,5(4):345-350

In spite of the low temperature during the winter season and the high land environment, the wetland treatment system is gaining popularity in Korea because of its lower construction cost and simplicity in operation and maintenance. Many different types of wetland treatment systems have been built during the last 10 years, among which the free water surface wetland has been predominant. Most of the large-scale systems are government projects for improving the water quality of the streams flowing into the estuary dikes and reservoirs. The covering plants used in this system are different in different areas but cattails and reeds or their combinations are common. Constructed wetlands in Korea can be characterized by their shallow depths and short hydraulic residence times. There is no established flow pattern and configuration rules for constructing wetlands, but many efforts have been made with a view to improving their ecological function. Flow control is the most difficult problem in designing a riverbed or riparian wetland. There have been scores of flow rate control devices developed for wetlands, but none of them guarantee wetlands＇ safety against flooding. In earlier wetland construction, the building materials were mainly soil. Recently, strong and durable building materials such as rocks, gravel beds, concrete and steel are used at vulnerable places to protect them from erosion. Our investigation indicated that the wetland system would be an appropriate technology because it is not only cheaper to construct, but also requires less maintenance work. However, we suffer from the reduced effectiveness in performance during the winter. We need to evaluate the partial treatment accomplished during 6 to 7 months per year.  相似文献   

Brownfield Redevelopment Toward Sustainable Urban Land Use in China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

CAO Kang GUAN Hua 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2007,17(2):127-134

Brownfield redevelopment is a new urban land use strategy to pursue the ideal of sustainable development. It relieves environmental pressure and resolves the glaring contradiction between urban land idleness and urban sprawl. It addresses issues of urban land use and farmland protection in China. This paper compares brownfield with greenfield, and defines brownfield and its redevelopment. It elaborates general and special government policies for this sustainable land use strategy in the context of China. General policies contain two aspects: clarifying brownfield redevelopment's priority in Chinese urban planning and land use and setting a general quantitative redevelopment target. The extent of the government's special policies, which aim at coordinating three factors in the redevelopment process, namely govern- ments, developers and users, are divided into five areas: statistics and categorization, assessment and remediation, fi- nancial supports and tax incentives, environmental and legal liability, and publicity and guidance. The paper concludes the major functions of different levels of Chinese government in the redevelopment process, i.e. making general strategy, formulating legislation, spectifying regulations and technical standards, estimating and categorizing brownfield sites, drawing up brownfield planning, providing information and financial support, guiding developers, publicizing the strategy to the public, and checking reuse results.  相似文献   

GRACE月重力场模型的地震应用   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

邹正波  徐如刚  李辉  康开轩  周新 《大地测量与地球动力学》2007,27(Z1):39-41

介绍GRACE卫星的发展状况;根据强地震中长期预报需求，对卫星重力场模型的阶次截取并利用截取后的重力场模型进行重力变化试算，得出了一些有意义的结果。  相似文献   

无人机三维测图技术应用于1:500农村地籍图测绘精度分析     

刘康  何高波  马高锋 《测绘地理信息》2021,46(4):92-94

详细介绍了无人机三维测图技术应用于1:500农村地籍图测绘的作业要点,并对比全野外数字化实测与无人机倾斜摄影内业采集成果,结果表明,无人机倾斜摄影三维测图技术不能完全替代传统地籍测量方法.对于遮挡区域需要进行外业调绘与补测,只有这样才能完全满足精度要求.  相似文献   

我国南方夏季降水异常和旱涝特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

吴芳蓉  陈少勇  康景芬  李晓霞  李晓琼 《气象与减灾研究》2017,40(2):92-99

利用我国南方225个测站降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用线性趋势分析、EOF、合成分析等方法,分析了1961—2010年南方夏季降水异常变化的规律。结果表明:1)南方夏季降水的稳定性从西向东递增。各月中以7月稳定性最差,其次是8月,6月最好;2)南方夏季降水呈东部增多西部减少的分布特征,西部以-5—-20 mm/(10 a)的速率不显著减少,东部大多数区域以5—30 mm/(10 a)的速率不显著增多,其中浙江东部—江苏东南部显著增加;3)南方夏季降水异常主要有全区一致型、南北差异型和东西相反型3种分布模态;西太平洋副热带高压和南支槽是影响南方降水异常的主要系统,两系统的空间配置及其强度变化决定了南方降水异常的不同分布型;4)南方夏季旱涝分布具有相似之处,干旱发生频率高的区域也是洪涝的高频区,但各月分布有差异,夏季及各月的洪涝发生频率高于干旱频率。  相似文献   

Two types of El Niño-related Southern Oscillation and their different impacts on global land precipitation     

徐康  祝从文  何金海 《大气科学进展》2013,30(6):1743-1757

The contrast between the eastern and central responses of zonal and vertical circulation in the Pacific （EP- and CP-） E1 Nino is observed in the different tropics. To measure the different responses of the atmo- spheric circulation to the two types of E1 Nino, an eastern and a central Pacific southern oscillation index （EP- and CP-SOI） are defined based on the air-sea coupled relationship between eddy sea level pressure and sea surface temperature. Analyses suggest that while the EP-SOI exhibits variability on an interannual （2- 7-yr） time scale, decadal （10-15-yr） variations in the CP-SOI are more dominant; both are strongly coupled with their respective EP- and CP-E1 Nino patterns. Composite analysis suggests that, during EP-ENSO, the Walker circulation exhibits a dipole structure in the lower-level （850 hPa） and upper-level （200 hPa） velocity potential anomalies and exhibits a signal cell over the Pacific. In the case of CP-ENSO, however, the Walker circulation shows a tripole structure and exhibits double cells over the Pacific. In addition, the two types of ENSO events show opposite impacts on global land precipitation in the boreal winter and spring seasons. For example, seasonal precipitation across mainland China exhibits an opposite relationship with the EP- and CP-ENSO during winter and spring, but the rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and South China shows an opposite relationship during the rest of the seasons. Therefore, the different relationships between rainfall and EP- and CP-ENSO should be carefully considered when predicting seasonal rainfall in the East Asian monsoon regions.  相似文献   

A quantitative assessment of changes in seasonal potential predictability for the twentieth century     

M. Azhar Ehsan  In-Sik Kang  Mansour Almazroui  M. Adnan Abid  Fred Kucharski 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(9-10):2697-2709

Changes over the twentieth century in seasonal mean potential predictability (PP) of global precipitation, 200 hPa height and land surface temperature are examined by using 100-member ensemble. The ensemble simulations have been conducted by using an intermediate complexity atmospheric general circulation model of the International Center for Theoretical Physics, Italy. Using the Hadley Centre sea surface temperature (SST) dataset on a 1° grid, two 31 year periods of 1920–1950 and 1970–2000 are separated to distinguish the periods of low and high SST variability, respectively. The standard deviation values averaged for the (“Niño-3.4”; 5°S–5°N, 170°W–120°W) region are 0.71 and 1.15 °C, for the periods of low and high SST variability, respectively, with a percentage change of 62 % during December–January–February (DJF). The leading eigenvector and the associated principal component time series, also indicate that the amplitude of SST variations have positive trend since 1920s to recent years, particularly over the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) region. Our hypothesis states that the increase in SST variability has increased the PP for precipitation, 200 hPa height and land surface temperature during the DJF. The analysis of signal and noise shows that the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio is much increased over most of the globe, particularly over the tropics and subtropics for DJF precipitation. This occurs because of a larger increase in the signal and at the same time a reduction in the noise, over most of the tropical areas. For 200 hPa height, the S/N ratio over the Pacific North American (PNA) region is increasing more than that for the other extratropical regions, because of a larger percentage increase in the signal and only a small increase in noise. It is also found that the increase in seasonal mean transient signal over the PNA region is 50 %, while increase in the noise is only 12 %, during the high SST variability period, which indicates that the increase in signal is more than the noise. For DJF land surface temperature, the perfect model notion is utilized to confirm the changes in PP during the low and high SST variability periods. The correlation between the perfect model and the other members clearly reveal that the seasonal mean PP changed. In particular, the PP for the 31 years period of 1970–2000 is higher than that for the 31 years period of 1920–1950. The land surface temperature PP is increased in northern and southern Africa, central Europe, southern South America, eastern United States and over Canada. The increase of the signal and hence the seasonal mean PP is coincides with an increase in tropical Pacific SST variability, particularly in the ENSO region.  相似文献   

The Asian summer monsoon: an intercomparison of CMIP5 vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

K. R. Sperber  H. Annamalai  I.-S. Kang  A. Kitoh  A. Moise  A. Turner  B. Wang  T. Zhou 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(9-10):2711-2744

The boreal summer Asian monsoon has been evaluated in 25 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-5 (CMIP5) and 22 CMIP3 GCM simulations of the late twentieth Century. Diagnostics and skill metrics have been calculated to assess the time-mean, climatological annual cycle, interannual variability, and intraseasonal variability. Progress has been made in modeling these aspects of the monsoon, though there is no single model that best represents all of these aspects of the monsoon. The CMIP5 multi-model mean (MMM) is more skillful than the CMIP3 MMM for all diagnostics in terms of the skill of simulating pattern correlations with respect to observations. Additionally, for rainfall/convection the MMM outperforms the individual models for the time mean, the interannual variability of the East Asian monsoon, and intraseasonal variability. The pattern correlation of the time (pentad) of monsoon peak and withdrawal is better simulated than that of monsoon onset. The onset of the monsoon over India is typically too late in the models. The extension of the monsoon over eastern China, Korea, and Japan is underestimated, while it is overestimated over the subtropical western/central Pacific Ocean. The anti-correlation between anomalies of all-India rainfall and Niño3.4 sea surface temperature is overly strong in CMIP3 and typically too weak in CMIP5. For both the ENSO-monsoon teleconnection and the East Asian zonal wind-rainfall teleconnection, the MMM interannual rainfall anomalies are weak compared to observations. Though simulation of intraseasonal variability remains problematic, several models show improved skill at representing the northward propagation of convection and the development of the tilted band of convection that extends from India to the equatorial west Pacific. The MMM also well represents the space–time evolution of intraseasonal outgoing longwave radiation anomalies. Caution is necessary when using GPCP and CMAP rainfall to validate (1) the time-mean rainfall, as there are systematic differences over ocean and land between these two data sets, and (2) the timing of monsoon withdrawal over India, where the smooth southward progression seen in India Meteorological Department data is better realized in CMAP data compared to GPCP data.  相似文献   

Surface mean temperature from the observational stations and multiple reanalyses over the Tibetan Plateau     

Yan  Yuping  You  Qinglong  Wu  Fangying  Pepin  Nick  Kang  Shichang 《Climate Dynamics》2020,55(9-10):2405-2419

The Tibetan Plateau (TP), also called the “Third pole”, is sensitive to climate change due to extensive areas at high elevation presently dominated by snow and ice. In this study, observed surface temperature trends at 150 stations over the TP during 1979–2018 are analyzed and compared with surface temperatures from multiple reanalyses (NCEP1, NCEP2, ERA-Interim, MERRA, JRA55). Observed warming at the stations has a mean annual rate of 0.46 °C/decade during 1979–2018. Although all reanalyses underestimate observed temperatures (cold bias), most reproduce much of the inter-decadal variations of surface temperature shown in the observations. Absolute errors of mean surface temperature (reanalysis minus observation) are closely correlated with elevation errors, suggesting that parts of the cold bias can be interpreted by elevation errors of reanalysis. After elevation-temperature correction, about half of the cold bias is typically eliminated, more for both ERA-Interim and JRA55. Compared with the observations, corrected NCEP2 surface temperatures still have larger cold biases, and fail to capture the overall warming over the TP. Since the elevation-temperature correction fails to improve trend magnitudes even when a significant proportion of the bias has been removed, this suggests that a more sophisticated modeling of the lapse rate in each reanalysis is required to realistically model warming trends across complex topography.

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个旧锡石一赤铁矿一方解石脉型矿体地质特征及其研究意义     

钱志宽  武俊德  康德明  陆荣宇  杨宝富  胡勇  罗泰义  黄智龙 《矿物学报》2011,31(3):328-337

报道了在个旧锡矿松树脚矿区发现的脉状锡石一赤铁矿一方解石新型矿体,认为该新型矿体很可能是成矿流体运移的通道,同时对其成因进行了初步探讨。通过与红海型热水沉积矿床的特征进行对比分析,提出个旧锡矿“层间氧化矿”以及红海型热水沉积矿床中铁氧化物型矿床可能存在2种成因模式：第一种是热卤水自海水向海底沉积物、从上到下的热卤水分层氧化模式;第二种是成矿流体自地下深部向海底的从下到上逐步氧化模式。  相似文献